Here is an illustrative cohort study: 1,000 people exposed to a risk factor and 1,000 unexposed are followed for a year. Among the exposed, 30 develop the disease; among the unexposed, 10 do. The calculations show how strong the association is and how much disease the exposure accounts for.
| Disease | No disease | Total |
|---|
| Exposed | 30 (a) | 970 (b) | 1,000 |
| Unexposed | 10 (c) | 990 (d) | 1,000 |
| Measure | Calculation | Result |
|---|
| Risk in exposed | 30 ÷ 1,000 | 0.03 (3%) |
| Risk in unexposed | 10 ÷ 1,000 | 0.01 (1%) |
| Relative risk | 0.03 ÷ 0.01 | 3.0 |
| Attributable risk | 0.03 − 0.01 | 0.02 (20 per 1,000) |
| Number needed to harm | 1 ÷ 0.02 | 50 |
| Odds ratio | (30 × 990) ÷ (970 × 10) | ≈ 3.06 |
The exposed group has three times the risk, and for every 50 people exposed, one extra case occurs. Because the disease is rare, the odds ratio is close to the relative risk.